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Difference between revisions of "Polysaccharide epimerases"

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== Introduction ==
 
== Introduction ==
  
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<!--In the meantime, please see these references for an essential introduction to the CAZy classification system: <cite>DaviesSinnott2008 Cantarel2009</cite>.-->
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<!-- <cite> </cite>.-->
  
 
=== Substrate specificities ===
 
=== Substrate specificities ===
−
<!-- Mannuronan C5-epimerases are a group of enzymes that catalyze epimerization at the polymer-level of &beta;-<font style="font-feature-settings: 'smcp'">d</font>-mannuronic acid residues (hereafter denoted M) into &alpha;-<font style="font-feature-settings: 'smcp'">l</font>-guluronic acid residues (hereafter denoted G) in alginate <cite>haug1969, larsen1971, haug1971</cite>. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide made by brown seaweeds, some species of red algae, and the gram-negative bacterial genera ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Azotobacter'' <cite>Stanford1883, Gorin1966, Linker1966, govan1981, okazaki1982</cite>. The function of alginate in the different organisms are various, and related to structure, protection and surface adhesion \autocite{painter1983, campos1996, Pier2001, Harmsen2010}. Alginate is a copolymer of the two 1-4 linked epimers \autocite{Hirst1939, fischer1955, Drummond1962}, and by changing the composition of the two monomers the epimerases fine-tune the properties of the polymer \autocite{Ertesvaag1999}. -->
+
<!-- Mannuronan C5-epimerases are a group of enzymes that catalyze epimerization at the polymer-level of &beta;-<font style="font-feature-settings: 'smcp'">d</font>-mannuronic acid residues (hereafter denoted M) into &alpha;-<font style="font-feature-settings: 'smcp'">l</font>-guluronic acid residues (hereafter denoted G) in alginate <cite>haug1969, larsen1971, haug1971</cite>. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide made by brown seaweeds, some species of red algae, and the gram-negative bacterial genera ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Azotobacter'' <cite>Stanford1883, Gorin1966, Linker1966, govan1981, okazaki1982</cite>. The function of alginate in the different organisms are various, and related to structure, protection and surface adhesion <cite>painter1983, campos1996, Pier2001, Harmsen2010 </cite>. Alginate is a copolymer of the two 1-4 linked epimers \autocite{Hirst1939, fischer1955, Drummond1962}, and by changing the composition of the two monomers the epimerases fine-tune the properties of the polymer \autocite{Ertesvaag1999}. -->
  
 
=== Classification ===
 
=== Classification ===
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#govan1981 pmid=6801192
 
#govan1981 pmid=6801192
 
#okazaki1982 Okazaki, M., K. and Furuya, K. Tsukayam and K. Nisizawa. (1982) Isolation and Identification of Alginic Acid from a Calcareous Red Alga ''Serraticardia maxima''. ''Botanica Marina'', vol. 25, no. 3., pp. 123-131. [https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/botm/25/3/article-p123.xml]
 
#okazaki1982 Okazaki, M., K. and Furuya, K. Tsukayam and K. Nisizawa. (1982) Isolation and Identification of Alginic Acid from a Calcareous Red Alga ''Serraticardia maxima''. ''Botanica Marina'', vol. 25, no. 3., pp. 123-131. [https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/botm/25/3/article-p123.xml]
 +
 +
#painter1983 Painter, Terence J. (1983) Chapter 4 - Algal Polysaccharides. Edited by Gerald O. Aspinall. ''The Polysaccharides.'' New York: Academic Press. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120656028500091]
 +
#campos1996 pmid=8606150
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#Pier2001 pmid =11179370
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#Harmsen2010 pmid=20497222
  
 
</biblio>
 
</biblio>
 
[[Category:Definitions and explanations]]
 
[[Category:Definitions and explanations]]

Revision as of 00:05, 8 April 2020

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  • Author: ^^^Margrethe Gaardlos^^^ and ^^^Anne Tondervik^^^
  • Responsible Curator: ^^^Finn Aachmann^^^

Introduction

Substrate specificities

Classification

Product profiles

Main section 2

Whatevs...

References

  1. Cantarel BL, Coutinho PM, Rancurel C, Bernard T, Lombard V, and Henrissat B. (2009). The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for Glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37(Database issue):D233-8. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkn663 | PubMed ID:18838391 [Cantarel2009]

  2. Davies, G.J. and Sinnott, M.L. (2008) Sorting the diverse: the sequence-based classifications of carbohydrate-active enzymes. The Biochemist, vol. 30, no. 4., pp. 26-32. Download PDF version.

    [DaviesSinnott2008]
  3. Haug A and Larsen B. (1969). Biosynthesis of alginate. Epimerisation of D-mannuronic to L-guluronic acid residues in the polymer chain. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969;192(3):557-9. DOI:10.1016/0304-4165(69)90414-0 | PubMed ID:5368261 [haug1969]
  4. Larsen B and Haug A. (1971). Biosynthesis of alginate. 1. Composition and structure of alginate produced by Azotobacter vinelandii (Lipman). Carbohydr Res. 1971;17(2):287-96. DOI:10.1016/s0008-6215(00)82536-7 | PubMed ID:5150891 [larsen1971]
  5. Haug A and Larsen B. (1971). Biosynthesis of alginate. II. Polymannuronic acid C-5-epimerase from Azotobacter vinelandii (Lipman). Carbohydr Res. 1971;17(2):297-308. DOI:10.1016/s0008-6215(00)82537-9 | PubMed ID:5150892 [haug1971]

  6. Stanford, Edw C C. (1883) On algin: a new substance obtained from some of the commoner species of marine algae. R. Anderson. NLM ID: 101217546

    [Stanford1883]

  7. Gorin, P. A. J. and Spencer, J. F. T. (1966) Exocellular alginic acid from Azotobacter vinelandii. Canadian Journal of Chemistry vol. 44, no. 9., pp. 993-998. [1]

    [Gorin1966]
  8. Linker A and Jones RS. (1966). A new polysaccharide resembling alginic acid isolated from pseudomonads. J Biol Chem. 1966;241(16):3845-51. | Google Books | Open Library PubMed ID:5916397 [Linker1966]
  9. Govan JR, Fyfe JA, and Jarman TR. (1981). Isolation of alginate-producing mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas mendocina. J Gen Microbiol. 1981;125(1):217-20. DOI:10.1099/00221287-125-1-217 | PubMed ID:6801192 [govan1981]

  10. Okazaki, M., K. and Furuya, K. Tsukayam and K. Nisizawa. (1982) Isolation and Identification of Alginic Acid from a Calcareous Red Alga Serraticardia maxima. Botanica Marina, vol. 25, no. 3., pp. 123-131. [1]

    [okazaki1982]

  11. Painter, Terence J. (1983) Chapter 4 - Algal Polysaccharides. Edited by Gerald O. Aspinall. The Polysaccharides. New York: Academic Press. [1]

    [painter1983]
  12. Campos M, Martínez-Salazar JM, Lloret L, Moreno S, Núñez C, Espín G, and Soberón-Chávez G. (1996). Characterization of the gene coding for GDP-mannose dehydrogenase (algD) from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol. 1996;178(7):1793-9. DOI:10.1128/jb.178.7.1793-1799.1996 | PubMed ID:8606150 [campos1996]

  13. pmid =11179370

    [Pier2001]
  14. Harmsen M, Yang L, Pamp SJ, and Tolker-Nielsen T. (2010). An update on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, tolerance, and dispersal. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2010;59(3):253-68. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00690.x | PubMed ID:20497222 [Harmsen2010]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed

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