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Difference between revisions of "Carbohydrate Esterase Family 9"

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|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''Carbohydrate Esterase Family 9'''
 
|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''Carbohydrate Esterase Family 9'''
 
|-
 
|-
|'''Clan'''     
+
|'''Acid/alcohol sugar substrate'''     
|GH-x
+
|Alcohol
 
|-
 
|-
|'''Mechanism'''
+
|'''Metal-dependent'''
|retaining/inverting
+
|Yes
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Active site residues'''
 
|'''Active site residues'''
|not known
+
|Known
 
|-
 
|-
 
|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''CAZy DB link'''
 
|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''CAZy DB link'''
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== Substrate specificities ==
 
== Substrate specificities ==
CE family 9 esterases catalyze the deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate to glucosamine-6-phosphate. This reaction has been demonstrated to be important for both amino sugar metabolism and peptidoglycan cell wall recycling in bacteria <cite>#Park2001</cite>. Experimental substrate specificity profiles for two CE9 enzymes demonstrated that they are active on other structurally similar amino sugar phosphates, such as N-acetyl- galactosamine-6-phosphate and N-acetyl-mannosamine-6-phosphate, although their reported affinities are 40-fold and 6-fold lower, respectively <cite>#Ahangar2018</cite>.  
+
CE family 9 esterases catalyze the deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate to glucosamine-6-phosphate. This reaction has been demonstrated to be important for both amino sugar metabolism and peptidoglycan cell wall recycling in bacteria <cite>Park2001</cite>. Experimental substrate specificity profiles for two CE9 enzymes demonstrated that they are active on other structurally similar amino sugar phosphates, such as N-acetyl- galactosamine-6-phosphate and N-acetyl-mannosamine-6-phosphate, although their reported affinities are 40-fold and 6-fold lower, respectively <cite>Ahangar2018</cite>.  
  
 
== Kinetics and Mechanism ==
 
== Kinetics and Mechanism ==
Removal of the acetate group by CE9 enzymes is proposed to be carried out by nucleophilic attack of the acetate carbon by a metal-bound hydroxide ion <cite>#Vincent2004</cite>. A proton is donated to the amine leaving group by a catalytic acid residue, and the tetrahedral transition state is stabilized either by the interaction of a second metal ion with the polarized carbonyl oxygen <cite>#Vincent2004</cite>, or by a catalytic base residue where a second metal ion is absent from the active site, although the latter has not been experimentally demonstrated.  
+
Removal of the acetate group by CE9 enzymes is proposed to be carried out by nucleophilic attack of the acetate carbon by a metal-bound hydroxide ion <cite>Vincent2004</cite>. A proton is donated to the amine leaving group by a catalytic acid residue, and the tetrahedral transition state is stabilized either by the interaction of a second metal ion with the polarized carbonyl oxygen <cite>Vincent2004</cite>, or by a catalytic base residue where a second metal ion is absent from the active site, although the latter has not been experimentally demonstrated.  
  
 
== Catalytic Residues ==
 
== Catalytic Residues ==
The precise mechanism of catalysis has yet to be elucidated for CE9, although several conserved features in the active sites of resolved CE9 members suggest they play an important role in their function. In ''Bacillus subtilis'' NagA, ''Thermotoga maritima'' NagA, and ''Mycobacterium smegmatis'' NagA, four histidine residues are responsible for coordination of the metal cofactor(s), along with a glutamate in ''B. subtilis'' and ''T. maritima'', and an aspartic acid in ''M. smegmatis'' <cite>#Vincent2004,#Osipiuk2002,#Ferreira2006</cite>. The ''Escherichia coli'' NagA appears to have a glutamine, gluatamate, asparagine and an aspartate as the coordination enviroment, although this structure crystallized as the apoenzyme, and so this configuration is uncertain <cite>#Ferreira2006</cite>. In all structures, a strictly conserved aspartic acid residue is then thought to serve as a base to activate a water molecule, and then as an acid to protonate the leaving amine <cite>#Vincent2004</cite>.
+
The precise mechanism of catalysis has yet to be elucidated for CE9, although several conserved features in the active sites of resolved CE9 members suggest they play an important role in their function. In ''Bacillus subtilis'' NagA, ''Thermotoga maritima'' NagA, and ''Mycobacterium smegmatis'' NagA, four histidine residues are responsible for coordination of the metal cofactor(s), along with a glutamate in ''B. subtilis'' and ''T. maritima'', and an aspartic acid in ''M. smegmatis'' <cite>Vincent2004,Osipiuk2002,Ferreira2006</cite>. The ''Escherichia coli'' NagA appears to have a glutamine, gluatamate, asparagine and an aspartate as the coordination enviroment, although this structure crystallized as the apoenzyme, and so this configuration is uncertain <cite>Ferreira2006</cite>. In all structures, a strictly conserved aspartic acid residue is then thought to serve as a base to activate a water molecule, and then as an acid to protonate the leaving amine <cite>Vincent2004</cite>.
  
 
== Three-dimensional structures ==
 
== Three-dimensional structures ==
The resolved structures of CE9 enzymes demonstrate variability in their organization and metal binding. For example, ''Vibrio cholerae'' NagA and ''B. subtilis'' NagA form dimers in their biologically relevant assemblies <cite>#Osipiuk2002, #Vincent2004</cite>, while ''E. coli'' NagA forms a tetramer <cite>#Ferreira2006</cite>. Additionally, these same enzymes appear to contain a Ni<sup>2+</sup> ion <cite>#Osipiuk2002</cite>, two Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions <cite>#Vincent2004</cite>, and a Zn<sup>2+</sup> ion <cite>#Ferreira2006</cite> in their active sites, respectively. All resolved CE9 enzymes contain a distorted (β/α)<sub>8</sub> fold containing the active site, and a small β-sheet domain comprising residues from both the N- and C-termini.
+
The resolved structures of CE9 enzymes demonstrate variability in their organization and metal binding. For example, ''Vibrio cholerae'' NagA and ''B. subtilis'' NagA form dimers in their biologically relevant assemblies <cite>Osipiuk2002, Vincent2004</cite>, while ''E. coli'' NagA forms a tetramer <cite>Ferreira2006</cite>. Additionally, these same enzymes appear to contain a Ni<sup>2+</sup> ion <cite>Osipiuk2002</cite>, two Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions <cite>Vincent2004</cite>, and a Zn<sup>2+</sup> ion <cite>Ferreira2006</cite> in their active sites, respectively. All resolved CE9 enzymes contain a distorted (β/α)<sub>8</sub> fold containing the active site, and a small β-sheet domain comprising residues from both the N- and C-termini.
  
 
== Family Firsts ==
 
== Family Firsts ==
;First characterized
+
;First characterized: The ''E. coli'' N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase NagA was the first CE9 enzyme to have its activity demonstrated <cite>White1967</cite>.
The ''E. coli'' N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase NagA was the first CE9 enzyme to have its activity demonstrated <cite>#White1967</cite>.
+
;First 3-D structure: The first structure of a CE9 enzyme published was the ''B. subtilis'' NagA, containing a two-Fe<sup>2+</sup> catalytic center <cite>Vincent2004</cite>.
;First 3-D structure
+
;First mechanistic insight: The structure of the ''B. subtilis'' NagA enzyme was reported with a bound N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate molecule and provided evidence for the proposed metal-dependent catalytic mechanism <cite>Vincent2004</cite>.
The first structure of a CE9 enzyme published was the ''B. subtilis'' NagA, containing a two-Fe<sup>2+</sup> catalytic center <cite>#Vincent2004</cite>.
+
 
;First mechanistic insight
 
The structure of the ''B. subtilis'' NagA enzyme was reported with a bound N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate molecule and provided evidence for the proposed metal-dependent catalytic mechanism <cite>#Vincent2004</cite>.
 
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
<biblio>
 
<biblio>
 
#Park2001 pmid=11395446
 
#Park2001 pmid=11395446
 
+
#Osipiuk2002 PDB entry [{{PDBlink}}3EGJ 3egj], unpublished.
#Osipiuk2002 https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3EGJ
 
 
 
 
#Vincent2004 pmid=14557261
 
#Vincent2004 pmid=14557261
 
 
#Ferreira2006 pmid=16630633
 
#Ferreira2006 pmid=16630633
 
+
#Ahangar2018 pmid=29728457
#Ahangar2018 pmid= 29728457
 
 
 
 
#White1967 pmid=4861885
 
#White1967 pmid=4861885
 
 
</biblio>
 
</biblio>
  
 
[[Category:Carbohydrate Esterase Families|CE009]]
 
[[Category:Carbohydrate Esterase Families|CE009]]

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Carbohydrate Esterase Family 9
Acid/alcohol sugar substrate Alcohol
Metal-dependent Yes
Active site residues Known
CAZy DB link
https://www.cazy.org/CE9.html


Substrate specificities

CE family 9 esterases catalyze the deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate to glucosamine-6-phosphate. This reaction has been demonstrated to be important for both amino sugar metabolism and peptidoglycan cell wall recycling in bacteria [1]. Experimental substrate specificity profiles for two CE9 enzymes demonstrated that they are active on other structurally similar amino sugar phosphates, such as N-acetyl- galactosamine-6-phosphate and N-acetyl-mannosamine-6-phosphate, although their reported affinities are 40-fold and 6-fold lower, respectively [2].

Kinetics and Mechanism

Removal of the acetate group by CE9 enzymes is proposed to be carried out by nucleophilic attack of the acetate carbon by a metal-bound hydroxide ion [3]. A proton is donated to the amine leaving group by a catalytic acid residue, and the tetrahedral transition state is stabilized either by the interaction of a second metal ion with the polarized carbonyl oxygen [3], or by a catalytic base residue where a second metal ion is absent from the active site, although the latter has not been experimentally demonstrated.

Catalytic Residues

The precise mechanism of catalysis has yet to be elucidated for CE9, although several conserved features in the active sites of resolved CE9 members suggest they play an important role in their function. In Bacillus subtilis NagA, Thermotoga maritima NagA, and Mycobacterium smegmatis NagA, four histidine residues are responsible for coordination of the metal cofactor(s), along with a glutamate in B. subtilis and T. maritima, and an aspartic acid in M. smegmatis [3, 4, 5]. The Escherichia coli NagA appears to have a glutamine, gluatamate, asparagine and an aspartate as the coordination enviroment, although this structure crystallized as the apoenzyme, and so this configuration is uncertain [5]. In all structures, a strictly conserved aspartic acid residue is then thought to serve as a base to activate a water molecule, and then as an acid to protonate the leaving amine [3].

Three-dimensional structures

The resolved structures of CE9 enzymes demonstrate variability in their organization and metal binding. For example, Vibrio cholerae NagA and B. subtilis NagA form dimers in their biologically relevant assemblies [3, 4], while E. coli NagA forms a tetramer [5]. Additionally, these same enzymes appear to contain a Ni2+ ion [4], two Fe2+ ions [3], and a Zn2+ ion [5] in their active sites, respectively. All resolved CE9 enzymes contain a distorted (β/α)8 fold containing the active site, and a small β-sheet domain comprising residues from both the N- and C-termini.

Family Firsts

First characterized
The E. coli N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase NagA was the first CE9 enzyme to have its activity demonstrated [6].
First 3-D structure
The first structure of a CE9 enzyme published was the B. subtilis NagA, containing a two-Fe2+ catalytic center [3].
First mechanistic insight
The structure of the B. subtilis NagA enzyme was reported with a bound N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate molecule and provided evidence for the proposed metal-dependent catalytic mechanism [3].

References

  1. Park JT (2001). Identification of a dedicated recycling pathway for anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine derived from Escherichia coli cell wall murein. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(13):3842-7. DOI:10.1128/JB.183.13.3842-3847.2001 | PubMed ID:11395446 [Park2001]
  2. Ahangar MS, Furze CM, Guy CS, Cooper C, Maskew KS, Graham B, Cameron AD, and Fullam E. (2018). Structural and functional determination of homologs of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase (NagA). J Biol Chem. 2018;293(25):9770-9783. DOI:10.1074/jbc.RA118.002597 | PubMed ID:29728457 [Ahangar2018]
  3. Vincent F, Yates D, Garman E, Davies GJ, and Brannigan JA. (2004). The three-dimensional structure of the N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase, NagA, from Bacillus subtilis: a member of the urease superfamily. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(4):2809-16. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M310165200 | PubMed ID:14557261 [Vincent2004]
  4. PDB entry 3egj, unpublished.

    [Osipiuk2002]
  5. Ferreira FM, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Castañeda-Bueno M, Aparicio R, Fischer H, Calcagno ML, and Oliva G. (2006). Structural analysis of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase apoenzyme from Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 2006;359(2):308-21. DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.024 | PubMed ID:16630633 [Ferreira2006]
  6. White RJ and Pasternak CA. (1967). The purification and properties of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase from Escherichia coli. Biochem J. 1967;105(1):121-5. DOI:10.1042/bj1050121 | PubMed ID:4861885 [White1967]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed