Carbohydrate Esterase Family 2

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• Author: ^^^Bobby Lamont^^^
• Responsible Curators: ^^^Joel Weadge^^^ and ^^^Anthony Clarke^^^

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Carbohydrate Esterase Family CE2
Clan	α/β-hydrolase
Mechanism	Serine Hydrolase
Active site residues	Known
CAZy DB link
https://www.cazy.org/CE2.html

Substrate specificities

All of the well characterized carbohydrate esterase family 2 enzymes have been shown to remove acetate groups from the synthetic molecule, 4-nitrophenyl acetate (pNP-Ac) [1, 2]. Contrary to typical acetyl xylan esterases, CE2 family members are shown to have a strong preference for the deacetylation of xylopyranosides at positions 3 and 4 instead of the typical deacetylation at position 2. CE2 family members were also shown to have significant preference for deacetylation of glucopyranosyl and mannopyranosyl residues at the 6-O position and some enzymes have preferred deacetylation of glucopyranosyl and mannopyranosyl residues relative to the deacetylation of xylopyranosides. For these reasons CE2 family members are considered to be 6-de-O-acetylases [3].

Catalytic Residues

Most CE2 family members contain a catalytic dyad (Ser-His) as opposed to a catalytic triad that is typically found in esterases. The structurally characterized, CtCE2, CjCE2B, and Est2A are examples of CE2 enzymes that contain catalytic dyads of conserved serine and histidine residues and lack the aspartate residue found in the triad. Without the aspartate residue, the histidine residue of the catalytic dyads are supported by main-chain carbonyl groups provided by a backbone amino acid. When CE2 enzymes contain a potential catalytic aspartate residue (like CjCE2A with a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad [1]), often enough, there also exists a tryptophan residue that sits between the catalytic histidine and aspartate residues; thereby preventing the aspartate residue from completing the triad. CE2 enzymes also possess an aromatic residue (either a tyrosine or a tryptophan residue) above their binding clefts that promote greater substrate specificity [1, 2]. Lastly, the oxyanion hole is comprised of backbone atoms from the catalytic serine residue, a glycine, and an asparagine residue that appears to be invariant across the CE2 family and that of other related acetyl-esterases [1, 2].

Kinetics and Mechanism

Figure 1. CjCE2B from C. Japonicus (PDB ID 2W9X) The individual monomer of the protein, CjCE2B. The catalytic Ser-His dyad residues are shown as stick models in red, and α-helices and β-sheets are shown in cyan and magenta as cartoon models, respectively.

The possession of an α/β hydrolase fold containing a catalytic serine nucleophile suggests that the reaction mechanism may proceed similar to other enzymes in the SGNH family. An example of a proposed reaction mechanism associated with the SGNH family of enzymes begins with the catalytic histidine residue acting as a general base. The histidine increases the nucleophilicity of the catalytic serine through the extraction of a proton from the hydroxyl group of the serine; thereby rendering it nucleophilic. The serine can then attack the ester bond of the substrate and the formation of a serine-substrate tetrahedral intermediate is stabilized by the residues of the enzyme's oxyanion hole. The histidine acts as a general acid and donates a proton to the substrate causing its release and leaving an acetyl group attached to the serine. The histidine then acts as a general base and deprotonates a water molecule so that it can attack the acetyl-serine ester linkage; thereby generating a new transition state intermediate that is also stabilized by the residues of the oxyanion hole. Upon collapse of this transition state, the acetyl group is released from the enzyme and the serine is re-protonated so that it is ready for another catalytic cycle [4].

The characterized enzymes were all tested using pNP-Ac, which showed k_cat/K_M values of 2.01, 0.71, 0.38 and 3.13 s^-1µM^-1 for Est2A, CtCE2, CjCE2A, and CjCE2B, respectively. Est2A was also tested using p-nitrophenyl butyrate which gave a k_cat/K_M value of 2.33 x 10^-3 s^-1µM^-1 showing the significant decrease in catalytic efficiency as substrate size increased [2]. In order to test for positional specificity, the enzyme kinetics of CtCE2, CjCE2B, and CjCE2C were tested using 2-, 3-, and 4-O-acetyl-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranosides that showed increased k_cat/K_M values for the hydrolysis of the substrate at position 3 and 4 as opposed to position 2 [3]. Enzyme kinetic assays on birchwood xylan showed k_cat/K_M values of 7.33 x 10^-5, 7.67 x 10^-4, and 2.33 x 10^-4 s^-1µM^-1 for CtCE2, CjCE2A, and CjCE2B, respectively. When the assay was performed on these same enzymes but with the use of glucomannan, the k_cat/K_M values were 9.67 x 10^-4, 6.5 x 10^-4, and 2.68 x 10^-2 s^-1µM^-1 for CtCE2, CjCE2A and CjCE2B, respectively; thereby suggesting for these enzymes at least, a clear substrate preference for glucomannan [1]

Three-dimensional structures

There are four reported structures for the CE2 family. These structures are all reported to be α/β-hydrolases and include Clostridium thermocellum’s CtCE2 (PDB ID 2WAO), Cellvibrio japonicus’ CjCE2A (PDB ID 2WAA) and CjCE2B (PDB ID 2W9X)(See Fig. 1), and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus’ Est2A (PDB ID 3U37). They contain an N-terminal β-sheet “jelly-roll” domain that acts as a carbohydrate binding domain (CBM) and is linked to a C-terminal domain that contains an α/β-hydrolase fold (SGNH-hydrolase motif) [1, 2]. The common structure of the N-terminal β-sheet “jelly-roll” domain across CE2 enzymes is comprised of two opposing β-sheets that have 4 and 5 β-strands, respectively [2]. The α/β-hydrolase domain that is C-terminal to the jelly roll consists of a three layered α/β stack composed of five β-strands, arranged in parallel to form a central β-sheet, that is packed between α-helicies. In the case of CtCE2, CjCE2A, and CjCE2B, the sheet has 5 α-helices in total packed on each side [1], but Est2A has 9 α-helices packing both sides of the β-sheet.

The CE2 family members are typically monomeric, but there are some exceptions. Specifically, Est2A has been found to form tetramers that combine to make an overall octameric structure [1, 2]. The overall structure of CtCE2 is also unique because this domain is connected to the C-terminal end of a GH5 family cellulase protein, CtCel5C (PDB ID 4IM4), that make up a modular protein, called CtCel5C-CE2. This protein is incorporated into cell-wall degrading cellulosomes in C. thermocellum [1, 5].

Family Firsts

First characterized

The first instance of CE2 family characterization was from the investigation of the BnaA, BnaB, and BnaC proteins that were discovered via cDNA library sequencing of Neocallimastix patriciarum [6]. BnaA and BnaC proteins exhibited acetyl xylan esterase ability. BnaB exhibited high sequence similarity to an uncharacterized C-terminal domain found in CelE [7]. The uncharacterized domain of CelE later became known as CtCE2 [1].

First mechanistic insight

The catalytic dyad of Ser-His residues was confirmed by the arrangement of these residues in the crystal structures of CtCE2 (PDB ID 2WAO), CjCE2A (PDB ID 2WAA), and CjCE2B (PDB ID 2W9X) as well as sequence alignment analysis showing its invariance across the CE2 family [1].

First 3-D structure

The first 3-D structures of CE2 family members, CtCE2, CjCE2A and CjCE2B were revealed in the same study that confirmed the catalytic mechanism of the family [1].

References

1. Montanier C, Money VA, Pires VM, Flint JE, Pinheiro BA, Goyal A, Prates JA, Izumi A, Stålbrand H, Morland C, Cartmell A, Kolenova K, Topakas E, Dodson EJ, Bolam DN, Davies GJ, Fontes CM, and Gilbert HJ. (2009). The active site of a carbohydrate esterase displays divergent catalytic and noncatalytic binding functions. PLoS Biol. 2009;7(3):e71. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000071 |
2. Till M, Goldstone DC, Attwood GT, Moon CD, Kelly WJ, and Arcus VL. (2013). Structure and function of an acetyl xylan esterase (Est2A) from the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus. Proteins. 2013;81(5):911-7. DOI:10.1002/prot.24254 |
3. Topakas E, Kyriakopoulos S, Biely P, Hirsch J, Vafiadi C, and Christakopoulos P. (2010). Carbohydrate esterases of family 2 are 6-O-deacetylases. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(3):543-8. DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.095 |
4. Alalouf O, Balazs Y, Volkinshtein M, Grimpel Y, Shoham G, and Shoham Y. (2011). A new family of carbohydrate esterases is represented by a GDSL hydrolase/acetylxylan esterase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(49):41993-42001. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M111.301051 |
5. Bayer EA, Belaich JP, Shoham Y, and Lamed R. (2004). The cellulosomes: multienzyme machines for degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2004;58:521-54. DOI:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091022 |
6. Dalrymple BP, Cybinski DH, Layton I, McSweeney CS, Xue GP, Swadling YJ, and Lowry JB. (1997). Three Neocallimastix patriciarum esterases associated with the degradation of complex polysaccharides are members of a new family of hydrolases. Microbiology (Reading). 1997;143 ( Pt 8):2605-2614. DOI:10.1099/00221287-143-8-2605 |
7. Hall J, Hazlewood GP, Barker PJ, and Gilbert HJ. (1988). Conserved reiterated domains in Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanases are not essential for catalytic activity. Gene. 1988;69(1):29-38. DOI:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90375-7 |