Glycoside Hydrolase Family 68

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• Author: ^^^Tirso Pons^^^ and ^^^Wim Van den Ende^^^
• Responsible Curator: ^^^Wim Van den Ende^^^

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Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH68
Clan	GH-J
Mechanism	retaining
Active site residues	known
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/fam/GH68.html

Substrate specificities

Glycoside hydrolase family GH68 contains enzymes that use sucrose as their preferential donor substrate and many of them can create very long levan or inulin-type of fructans, as well as fructooligosacharides (FOS). Family GH68 includes levansucrase (sucrose:2,6-β-D-fructan 6-β-D-fructosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.10), β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26), and inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9).

Kinetics and Mechanism

Family GH68 enzymes as well as those included in GH32 are retaining enzymes [1]. The levansucrases from Bacillus subtilis, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, and Streptococcus salivarius catalyze transfructosylation via a Ping-Pong mechanism involving the formation of a transient fructosyl-enzyme intermediate [2, 3, 4, 5]. At low sucrose concentrations levansucrase functions as a hydrolase with water as acceptor, whereas at higher substrate concentrations it adds fructosyl units to a variety of acceptors including glucose, fructan and sucrose [2]. Bacterial levansucrases, whatever their origin, catalyze all these reactions but with different efficiency.

Catalytic Residues

Retaining glycosidases catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate. The two invariant residues, responsible for the catalytic reaction in family GH68 enzymes, have first been identified experimentally in bacterial levansucrases as an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acting as the catalytic nucleophile and a glutamate acting as the general acid/base [6, 7]. In addition, a conserved aspartate residue in the "Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif" stabilizes the transition state [5, 7, 8]. The three equivalent acidic residues have been also mutated in β-fructofuranosidase from Arthrobacter globiformis IFO 3062 [9], and levansucrase and inulosucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 [10].

Three-dimensional structures

Currently, only two different three dimensional structures of family GH68 enzymes have been solved. The first crystal structure was reported for the bacterial levansucrase (SacB) from Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 [6]. The second one corresponds to levansucrase (LdsA) from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4 [11]. Families GH32 and GH68 are combined in clan GH-J.

Family Firsts

First stereochemistry determination

Bacillus subtilis levansucrase [2].

First catalytic nucleophile identification

Bacillus subtilis levansucrase [6].

First general acid/base residue identification

Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase [7].

First stabilizing transition-state residue identification

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase [8].

First prediction of a common beta-propeller catalytic domain in GH68 / clan GH-J

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase [12, 13].

First 3-D structure

Bacillus subtilis levansucrase [6].

References

1. KOSHLAND DE Jr and STEIN SS. (1954). Correlation of bond breaking with enzyme specificity; cleavage point of invertase. J Biol Chem. 1954;208(1):139-48. | Google Books | Open Library
2. Chambert R, Treboul G, and Dedonder R. (1974). Kinetic studies of levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis. Eur J Biochem. 1974;41(2):285-300. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03269.x |
3. Chambert R and Gonzy-Tréboul G. (1976). Levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of transfructosylation processes. Eur J Biochem. 1976;62(1):55-64. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10097.x |
4. Hernandez L, Arrieta J, Menendez C, Vazquez R, Coego A, Suarez V, Selman G, Petit-Glatron MF, and Chambert R. (1995). Isolation and enzymic properties of levansucrase secreted by Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4, a bacterium associated with sugar cane. Biochem J. 1995;309 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):113-8. DOI:10.1042/bj3090113 |
5. Song DD and Jacques NA. (1999). Purification and enzymic properties of the fructosyltransferase of Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975. Biochem J. 1999;341 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):285-91. | Google Books | Open Library
6. Meng G and Fütterer K. (2003). Structural framework of fructosyl transfer in Bacillus subtilis levansucrase. Nat Struct Biol. 2003;10(11):935-41. DOI:10.1038/nsb974 |
7. Yanase H, Maeda M, Hagiwara E, Yagi H, Taniguchi K, and Okamoto K. (2002). Identification of functionally important amino acid residues in Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase. J Biochem. 2002;132(4):565-72. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003258 |
8. Batista FR, Hernández L, Fernández JR, Arrieta J, Menéndez C, Gómez R, Támbara Y, and Pons T. (1999). Substitution of Asp-309 by Asn in the Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif of Acetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase affects sucrose hydrolysis, but not enzyme specificity. Biochem J. 1999;337 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):503-6. | Google Books | Open Library
9. Isono N, Tochihara T, Kusnadi Y, Win TT, Watanabe K, Obae K, Ito H, and Matsui H. (2004). Cloning and heterologous expression of a beta-fructofuranosidase gene from Arthrobacter globiformis IFO 3062, and site-directed mutagenesis of the essential aspartic acid and glutamic acid of the active site. J Biosci Bioeng. 2004;97(4):244-9. DOI:10.1016/S1389-1723(04)70199-1 |
10. Ozimek LK, van Hijum SA, van Koningsveld GA, van Der Maarel MJ, van Geel-Schutten GH, and Dijkhuizen L. (2004). Site-directed mutagenesis study of the three catalytic residues of the fructosyltransferases of Lactobacillus reuteri 121. FEBS Lett. 2004;560(1-3):131-3. DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00085-7 |
11. Martínez-Fleites C, Ortíz-Lombardía M, Pons T, Tarbouriech N, Taylor EJ, Arrieta JG, Hernández L, and Davies GJ. (2005). Crystal structure of levansucrase from the Gram-negative bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Biochem J. 2005;390(Pt 1):19-27. DOI:10.1042/BJ20050324 |
12. Pons T, Olmea O, Chinea G, Beldarraín A, Márquez G, Acosta N, Rodríguez L, and Valencia A. (1998). Structural model for family 32 of glycosyl-hydrolase enzymes. Proteins. 1998;33(3):383-95. DOI:10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(19981115)33:3<383::aid-prot7>3.0.co;2-r |
13. Pons T, Hernández L, Batista FR, and Chinea G. (2000). Prediction of a common beta-propeller catalytic domain for fructosyltransferases of different origin and substrate specificity. Protein Sci. 2000;9(11):2285-91. DOI:10.1110/ps.9.11.2285 |