Glycoside Hydrolase Family 84

This page is currently under construction. This means that the Responsible Curator has deemed that the page's content is not quite up to CAZypedia's standards for full public consumption. All information should be considered to be under revision and may be subject to major changes.

• Author: ^^^Ian Greig^^^
• Responsible Curator: ^^^David Vocadlo^^^

---

Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH84
Clan	none
Mechanism	retaining
Active site residues	known
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/GH84.html

Substrate specificities

GH84 contains β-N-acetylglucosaminidases and β-N-acetylhyaluronidase activities. Human O-GlcNAcase is a cytosolic enzyme whose in vivo targets are glycoprotein serine and threonine residues modified by a single β-linked GlcNAc residue. In contrast to the β-hexosaminidases of GH20 a relaxed specificity for substitutions of the N-acyl group is observed with residues significantly more bulky than the N-acyl group being tolerated.[1]

Kinetics and Mechanism

Members of GH84 utilize a mechanism of neighbouring group participation, this originally being established through the use of free-energy relationship-based studies of human O-GlNAcase.[1] More recent studies of this enzyme have extended such investigated variations in rates of reaction (V/K) with both nucleophile and leaving group structures.[2] These studies highlighted that a dissociative (D_N*A_N) mechanism involving general acid catalysis operates for the hydrolysis of substrates possessing leaving groups with a pK_a greater than approximately 7; a concerted (A_ND_N) mechanism, not employing general acid catalysis was found for substrates possessing leaving groups with lower pK_as (consistent with prior studies of S-glucosaminide hydrolysis[3]). Substrate distortion.[2, 4] A truncated, nuclear-localized isoform of human O-GlcNAcase lacking the putative C-terminal histone acetyl transferase domain retains similar kinetic properties and inhibitory patterns as the full-length cytosolic isoform and is consistent with hexosaminidase activity residing in the N-terminal domain.[5]

Catalytic Residues

Studies of two mutants of human O-GlcNAcase established that adjacent aspartate residues, Asp174 and Asp175, act as critical components of the catalytic machinery of this enzyme.[6]

The mutant Asp175Ala displayed marked reductions in activity (V and (V/K)) towards aryl N-acetylglucosaminides possessing poor leaving groups with smaller reductions being observed for both O-aryl and S-aryl N-acetylglucosaminides substrates possessing better leaving groups. Exogenous azide was found to partially rescue the activity of human O-GlcNAcase towards 3,4-dinitrophenylglucosaminide. These results identify Asp175 as the general acid catalyst.

The mutant Asp174Ala showed decreased activity towards O-aryl N-acetylglucosaminides possessing good leaving groups and it was argued that this is consistent with its role as a residue responsible for the orientation and polarization of the N-acyl nucleophile.

Three-dimensional structures

The reported crystallization of Clostridium perfringens NagJ[7] was followed by solved structures for that enzyme[8] and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron b-hexosaminidase[8]. A series of crystallographic studies on Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron β-hexosaminidase using a variety of small molecules define the conformational itinerary for this family. Substrate distortion: WT + azepane [9], WT + difluoroacetyl [10], 4C1 intermediate: WT + thiazoline [1], general acid mutants Asp243Asn + 5-fluorooxazoline derived from b-1,5-difluoroglucosaminide,[10] Asp243Asn + oxazoline derived from 4-methylumbelliferyl b-glucosaminide,[10].

Family Firsts

First sterochemistry determination

¹H-NMR studies of human O-GlcNAcase established that the β-configured hemiacetal product is formed prior to anomerisation.[2].

First catalytic nucleophile identification

This family of enzymes uses a mechanism of neighbouring group participation, which was first establishes through the use of free energy relationships studies.[1].

First general acid/base residue identification

Studies of human O-GlcNAcase mutant Asp175Ala identify reactivity patterns (free energy relationships, pH-activity profiles) consistent with the action of Asp175 as the catalytic general acid/base.[6].

First 3-D structure

The structures of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron O-GlcNAcase[11] and Clostridium perfringens NagJ[8].

References

1. Macauley MS, Whitworth GE, Debowski AW, Chin D, and Vocadlo DJ. (2005). O-GlcNAcase uses substrate-assisted catalysis: kinetic analysis and development of highly selective mechanism-inspired inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(27):25313-22. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M413819200 |
2. Greig IR, Macauley MS, Williams IH, and Vocadlo DJ. (2009). Probing synergy between two catalytic strategies in the glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase using multiple linear free energy relationships. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(37):13415-22. DOI:10.1021/ja904506u |
3. Macauley MS, Stubbs KA, and Vocadlo DJ. (2005). O-GlcNAcase catalyzes cleavage of thioglycosides without general acid catalysis. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127(49):17202-3. DOI:10.1021/ja0567687 |
4. He Y, Macauley MS, Stubbs KA, Vocadlo DJ, and Davies GJ. (2010). Visualizing the reaction coordinate of an O-GlcNAc hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(6):1807-9. DOI:10.1021/ja9086769 |
5. Macauley MS and Vocadlo DJ. (2009). Enzymatic characterization and inhibition of the nuclear variant of human O-GlcNAcase. Carbohydr Res. 2009;344(9):1079-84. DOI:10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.017 |

6. Cetinbaş N, Macauley MS, Stubbs KA, Drapala R, Vocadlo DJ. Identification of Asp174 and Asp175 as the key catalytic residues of human O-GlcNAcase by functional analysis of site-directed mutants. Biochemistry. 2006 Mar 21;45(11):3835-44.

   Note: Due to a problem with PubMed data, this reference is not automatically formatted. Please see these links out: DOI:10.1021/bi052370b PMID:16533067

7. Ficko-Blean E and Boraston AB. (2005). Cloning, recombinant production, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a family 84 glycoside hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2005;61(Pt 9):834-6. DOI:10.1107/S1744309105024012 |
8. Rao FV, Dorfmueller HC, Villa F, Allwood M, Eggleston IM, and van Aalten DM. (2006). Structural insights into the mechanism and inhibition of eukaryotic O-GlcNAc hydrolysis. EMBO J. 2006;25(7):1569-78. DOI:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601026 |
9. Marcelo F, He Y, Yuzwa SA, Nieto L, Jiménez-Barbero J, Sollogoub M, Vocadlo DJ, Davies GD, and Blériot Y. (2009). Molecular basis for inhibition of GH84 glycoside hydrolases by substituted azepanes: conformational flexibility enables probing of substrate distortion. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(15):5390-2. DOI:10.1021/ja809776r |
10. He Y, Macauley MS, Stubbs KA, Vocadlo DJ, and Davies GJ. (2010). Visualizing the reaction coordinate of an O-GlcNAc hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(6):1807-9. DOI:10.1021/ja9086769 |
11. Dennis RJ, Taylor EJ, Macauley MS, Stubbs KA, Turkenburg JP, Hart SJ, Black GN, Vocadlo DJ, and Davies GJ. (2006). Structure and mechanism of a bacterial beta-glucosaminidase having O-GlcNAcase activity. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006;13(4):365-71. DOI:10.1038/nsmb1079 |
12. Comfort DA, Bobrov KS, Ivanen DR, Shabalin KA, Harris JM, Kulminskaya AA, Brumer H, and Kelly RM. (2007). Biochemical analysis of Thermotoga maritima GH36 alpha-galactosidase (TmGalA) confirms the mechanistic commonality of clan GH-D glycoside hydrolases. Biochemistry. 2007;46(11):3319-30. DOI:10.1021/bi061521n |
13. He S and Withers SG. (1997). Assignment of sweet almond beta-glucosidase as a family 1 glycosidase and identification of its active site nucleophile. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(40):24864-7. DOI:10.1074/jbc.272.40.24864 |

15. Sinnott, M.L. (1990) Catalytic mechanisms of enzymic glycosyl transfer. Chem. Rev. 90, 1171-1202. DOI: 10.1021/cr00105a006