Difference between revisions of "Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 9"

Revision as of 02:51, 16 August 2023

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https://www.cazy.org/CBM9.html

Ligand specificities

The tandem CBM9 domains found in the larger CBM22-CBM22-GH10-CBM9-CBM9 enzyme XynA from Thermotoga maritima (TmXynA) were initially shown to bind cellulose in pull-down studies [1]. The (C-terminal) CBM9-2 domain was further studied using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), showing strongest binding to cellooligosaccharides but also weaker binding to lactose, maltose and xylobiose [2]. Also using depletion isotherms, the protein bound cellulose stronger than xylan. The CBM9 domains from the similar CBM22-GH10-CBM9-CBM9 XynX enzyme from Clostridium thermocellum was also suggested to bind cellulose [3]. Later, a similar multidomain protein was studied, from Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii, comprising a CBM22-CBM22-GH10-CBM9-CBM9-CBM9-CE15 architecture [4]. Its CBM9 domains (CBM9.1, CBM9.2 and CBM9.3) were shown to bind different glycans: in pull-down studies, CBM9.1 bound nothing tested, CBM9.2 bound cellulose, xylan, as well as mannan, and CBM9.3 bound cellulose and xylan though more weakly than CBM9.2, while using affinity gels, additional binding to xyloglucan was revealed for CBM9.3 [5]. This was also confirmed using ITC and differential scanning fluorometry where binding to xyloglucooligosaccharides was stronger than to cellooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides.

Structural Features

The secondary structure of TmXynA CBM9-2 was initially shown to be mainly comprised of β-strands using circular dichroism [6], which was later confirmed when the structure was solved and showed a β-sandwich fold [7] (PDB [3]). The structure also revealed three calcium-binding sites, though not in close vicinity to the binding site. A similar structure of the CkXyn10C-GE15A CBM9.3 protein was later solved, again with bound calcium ions [5] (PDB [4]). The binding sites of both proteins differ, where that of TmCBM-2 appears like a half-pocket, or blocked groove, able to accommodate two carbohydrate units, while that of CkCBM9.3 is a fully open groove. TmCBM9-2 was solved in complex with glucose (PDB [5]) and cellobiose (PDB [6]), which revealed the cellobiose lying in the groove and being bound at the reducing end between two tryptophan residues. In CkCBM9.3 (solved separately with glucose (PDB [7]), cellobiose (PDB [8]), and cellotriose (PDB [9])) the binding pose was however not aligned with the groove but pointing perpendicular into the protein and the reducing end bound between a tryptophan and a tyrosine residue. Curiously, cellotriose was bound simultaneously by two protomers facing each other, suggesting a possibility to bind either reducing- and non-reducing ends. The binding type of characterized CBM9 proteins appears to be C, binding chain ends, though the open groove of CkCBM9.3 suggests type B binders may exist in the family.

File:Fig.1 CBM9.png

Figure 1. CBM9. A) Top: carton and surface representation of CBM9-2 from Thermotoga maritima (PDB ID [1]), with calcium ions as black spheres and cellobiose as blue sticks. Bottom: head-on view of the binding site in complex with cellobiose. B) Similar views as in A for CBM9.2 from Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii with cellotriose as ligand (PDB ID [2])

Functionalities

The majority of CBM9 proteins are found appended to enzymes related to xylan deconstruction, mainly GH10 xylanases, but also CEs from families 1, 4, 6, 15, and polyspecific families with potential xylanase activity such as GH5, 8, and 9 [8]. Also other functionalities such as putative agarase (GH50), pectate lyase (PL9) domains are found as partners [8], as well as DUFs [9]. Especially common are the CBM22-GH10-CBM9 motifs, with variable extensions of additional N-terminal CBM22 domains and C-terminal CBM9 domains as well as more catalytic modules, such as in TmXynA, CtXynX, and CkXyn10C-GE15A [1, 3, 4].

CBM9 domains, while having been less studied than many other families, have been used as purification tags to enable cellulose-mediated protein affinity separation [10], and to increase protein thermostability [11].

Family Firsts

First Identified: CBM9-2 from the larger XynA enzyme from Thermotoga maritima [1].
First Structural Characterization: CBM9-2 from the larger XynA enzyme from Thermotoga maritima [7] (PDB [10]).

References

All Medline abstracts: PubMed

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 The secondary structure of ''Tm''XynA CBM9-2 was initially shown to be mainly comprised of β-strands using circular dichroism <cite>Wassenberg1997</cite>, which was later confirmed when the structure was solved and showed a β-sandwich fold <cite>Notenboom2001</cite> (PDB [{{PDBlink}}1i8u]). The structure also revealed three calcium-binding sites, though not in close vicinity to the binding site. A similar structure of the ''Ck''Xyn10C-GE15A CBM9.3 protein was later solved, again with bound calcium ions <cite>Krska2021</cite> (PDB [{{PDBlink}}7nwn]). The binding sites of both proteins differ, where that of ''Tm''CBM-2 appears like a half-pocket, or blocked groove, able to accommodate two carbohydrate units, while that of ''Ck''CBM9.3 is a fully open groove. ''Tm''CBM9-2 was solved in complex with glucose (PDB [{{PDBlink}}1i8A]) and cellobiose (PDB [{{PDBlink}}1i82]), which revealed the cellobiose lying in the groove and being bound at the reducing end between two tryptophan residues. In ''Ck''CBM9.3 (solved separately with glucose (PDB [{{PDBlink}}7nwo]), cellobiose (PDB [{{PDBlink}}7nwp]), and cellotriose (PDB [{{PDBlink}}7nwq])) the binding pose was however not aligned with the groove but pointing perpendicular into the protein and the reducing end bound between a tryptophan and a tyrosine residue. Curiously, cellotriose was bound simultaneously by two protomers facing each other, suggesting a possibility to bind either reducing- and non-reducing ends. The binding type of characterized CBM9 proteins appears to be C, binding chain ends, though the open groove of ''Ck''CBM9.3 suggests type B binders may exist in the family.
-[[File: Fig.1 CBM9.png|thumb|right|400px|'''Figure 1. CBM9 structures.''' A) Top: carton and surface representation of CBM9-2 from ''Thermotoga maritima'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}1i82]), with calcium ions as black spheres and cellobiose as blue sticks. Bottom: head-on view of the binding site in complex with cellobiose. B) Similar views as in A for CBM9.2 from ''Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii'' with cellotriose as ligand (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}7nwq])]]
+[[File: Fig.1 CBM9.png|thumb|center|400px|'''Figure 1. CBM9.''' A) Top: carton and surface representation of CBM9-2 from ''Thermotoga maritima'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}1i82]), with calcium ions as black spheres and cellobiose as blue sticks. Bottom: head-on view of the binding site in complex with cellobiose. B) Similar views as in A for CBM9.2 from ''Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii'' with cellotriose as ligand (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}7nwq])]]
 == Functionalities ==