Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 60

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• Author: ^^^Cedric Montanier^^^ and ^^^Harry Gilbert^^^
• Responsible Curator: ^^^Harry Gilbert^^^

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CAZy DB link

https://www.cazy.org/CBM60.html

Ligand specificities

CBM60 is a bacterial family that comprises around 120 amino acids. The CBM60s from the Cellvibrio japonicus GH11 xylanase CjXyn11A (CjCBM60A) and a second GH11 xylanase (vCBM60), derived from an uncultured bacterium, were shown to display similar broad ligand specificities binding to galactan, xylans, and β-glucans [1]. Affinities (K_D) for ligands were in the high and very low µM range for CjCBM60A and vCBM60, respectively. Cell labelling of plant cell wall sections indicated that xylan is the biologically relevant ligand for the two characterized CBM60s. vCBM60 bound to oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 or 3 with affinities similar to the cognate polysaccharide. Binding of CjCBM60A to xylooligosaccharides that extended outside the predicted ligand binding site were 20-30-fold lower than for the xylans. This increased affinity for the polysaccharide compared to oligosaccharides is an example of avidity effects through dimerization of the protein as demonstrated by gel filtration. It was proposed that the 10 residue C-terminal extension of CjCBM60 (compared to vCBM60), which contains cysteines, mediates dimerization through the formation of inter-chain disulphide bonds [1]. The affinity of the CBM60s for their ligands was driven by enthalpy with each protein molecule covering 4-6 sugars at saturation, indicating an endo-mode of binding. This endo-mode of binding to soluble polysaccharide chains indicates that vCBM60 and CjCBM60 are type B CBMs.

Structural Features

Figure 1. The fold of vCBM60 in complex with galactobiose (PDB ID 2XFE), highlighting the location of the ligand binding site formed by three loops connecting the two β-sheets.

Figure 2. The structure of vCBM60 in complex with galactobiose showing the role played by two aspartates in direct ligand recognition and via a calcium. Interactions are exclusively with O2 and O3 of the non-reducing galactose illustrating the broad specificity of the CBM for sugars containing an equatorial O2 and O3. The second binding site interacts with the ligand through hydrophobic interactions provided by a tryptophan.

The crystal structure of vCBM60 in complex with cellotriose and galactobiose revealed a classical distorted β-jelly-roll fold consisting of eight β-strands in two antiparallel β-sheets, each of four strands (Figure 1 [1]). The edges of the protein structure comprise five and three loops respectively, and one α-helix completes the structure (Ala75- Glu76- Asn77). On one edge, three loops (5, 7 and 8) form a deep and wide cleft (≈ 17.4 Å broad and 5.5 Å deep) that is stabilized by a disulphide bond (Figure 1; PDB ID 2XFE). In complexes with vCBM60, galactobiose (Figure 2; PDB ID 2XFE) and cellotriose (PDB ID 2XFD) are located in the cleft, which thus comprises the ligand binding site. Unusually for an endo-acting CBM the ligand binding cleft contains only two sugar sites. The reducing end sugar makes hydrophobic contacts with Trp85. The non-reducing end sugar also makes non-polar contacts with Trp85 but sugar binding is dominated by the side chains of two aspartates. The carboxylates of these residues hydrogen bonds with O2 and O3 of the sugar, and interact with a calcium. This divalent metal ion also makes polar interactions with O2 and O3 of the sugar (Figure 2). The essential role played by the two aspartates, Trp85 and calcium was confirmed by mutagenesis and metal chelation with EDTA. The specificity for equatorial O2 and O3, with no interactions with O4 and O6, explain why the CBM can bind to a range of hexose and pentose pyranose sugars, while excluding mannose-configured ligands where O2 is axial. Based on the conservation of the ligand binding residues in other family 60 CBMs, it was predicted that ligand recognition is similarly conserved in CBM60.

Functionalities

CjCBM60 is derived from an enzyme containing a GH11 xylanase (Asn26 to Glu227), a CBM60 (Ile256-Cys370), a CE4 esterase (Gly398-Pro586) and a C-terminal CBM10 (Asn614-Asn661) [2]. vCBM60 is located in a GH11 xylanase, but no further information regarding additional modules is available. CBM60s are found in a number of GH11 xylanases, some of which contain esterase catalytic modules and additional CBMs. A cohort of these CBMs are also found in GH53 enzymes that are predicted to be endo-β1,4-galactanases, consistent with their recognition of galactan in addition to xylan. Labelling of cell walls with vCBM60 showed that the module bound extensively to secondary cell walls of the xylem elements and phloem fibers, which are rich in xylan. The weak binding to primary cells, which contains galactan, indicates that xylan is the biologically significant ligand for vCBM60, consistent with its location in a GH11 xylanase. Some of the CBM60s contains the C-terminal extension evident in CjCBM60, and it was proposed that these modules dimerize leading to increased affinity through avidity effects [1]. Such dimerization has not been evaluated in the full length enzyme. CBM60 shares with family 36 CBMs a conserved metal ion playing a dominant role in binding carbohydrates with an equatorial O2 and O3 [3]. This is consistent with the similar ligand specificities displayed by the two families. Sequence and structural analyses revealed that the family 60 CBM arose through the circular permutation of CBM36 [3]. The reorganization of the β-sandwich fold did not disrupt the topology of the binding site.

Family Firsts

First Identified

The first CBM60s to be characterized were CjCBM60A from GH11 C. japonicus xylanase CjXyn11A (originally defined as XYLE) and vCBM60 obtained from an environmental library of GH11 xylanases [1].

First Structural Characterization

The first crystal structure of this family is vCBM60 [1].

References

1. Montanier C, Flint JE, Bolam DN, Xie H, Liu Z, Rogowski A, Weiner DP, Ratnaparkhe S, Nurizzo D, Roberts SM, Turkenburg JP, Davies GJ, and Gilbert HJ. (2010). Circular permutation provides an evolutionary link between two families of calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding modules. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(41):31742-54. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M110.142133 |
2. Millward-Sadler SJ, Davidson K, Hazlewood GP, Black GW, Gilbert HJ, and Clarke JH. (1995). Novel cellulose-binding domains, NodB homologues and conserved modular architecture in xylanases from the aerobic soil bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa and Cellvibrio mixtus. Biochem J. 1995;312 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):39-48. DOI:10.1042/bj3120039 |
3. Jamal-Talabani S, Boraston AB, Turkenburg JP, Tarbouriech N, Ducros VM, and Davies GJ. (2004). Ab initio structure determination and functional characterization of CBM36; a new family of calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding modules. Structure. 2004;12(7):1177-87. DOI:10.1016/j.str.2004.04.022 |