CAZypedia needs your help!
We have many unassigned pages in need of Authors and Responsible Curators. See a page that's out-of-date and just needs a touch-up? - You are also welcome to become a CAZypedian. Here's how.
Scientists at all career stages, including students, are welcome to contribute.
Learn more about CAZypedia's misson here and in this article.
Totally new to the CAZy classification? Read this first.
Glycoside Hydrolase Family 31
- Author: Ran Zhang
- Responsible Curator: Steve Withers
| Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH31 | |
| Clan | GH-D |
| Mechanism | retaining |
| Active site residues | known |
| CAZy DB link | |
| http://www.cazy.org/fam/GH31.html | |
Substrate specificities
CAZy Family GH31 is one of the two major families, along with GH13, that contain α-glucosidases. These enzymes play important roles in primary metabolism (e.g. human sucrase/isomaltase, a target for diabetic drugs such as miglitol), in catabolism (e.g. human lysosomal α-glucosidase) and in glycoprotein processing (e.g. ER glucosidase II). In addition to α-glucosidases, GH31 also contains α-xylosidases, isomaltosyltransferases, maltase/glucoamylases and the mechanistically interesting, non-hydrolytic α-glucan lyases. These enzymes can be found in a wide range of organisms including archaea, bacteria, plants and animals. Interestingly the two mammalian digestive enzymes are both duplicated genes, each with dual specificities.
Kinetics and Mechanism
Family GH 31 enzymes are retaining α-glycosidases, as was first demonstrated by a combination of polarimetric and reducing sugar measurement. [1] GH31 enzymes (except for the α-glucan lyases) are believed to follow the classical double displacement mechanism. [2] This has been strongly supported by labelinging of the catalytic nucleophile of several GH31 enzymes using conduritol B epoxide [3], with early examples including rabbit intestinal sucrase/isomaltase [4] and human lysosomal α-glucosidase [5]. Later studies on an α-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger [6] and an α-xylosidase from Escherichia coli [7] used the more reliable 5-fluoroglycosyl fluoride trapping reagents, which form catalytically competent intermediates.
The α-glucan lyases from GH31 cleave α-glucan polymers via an elimination mechanism to generate 1,5-anhydro-fructose. Detailed mechanistic studies have been carried out on Gracilariopsis α-1,4-glucan lyase revealing a mechanism that involves a nucleophilic displacement as the first step, followed by syn-elimination as the second step [8, 9]. Evidence for the first step includes trapping of the catalytically competent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate by 5-fluoro-β-L-idopyranosyl fluoride and the observation of secondary kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) on both H-1 and H-2 of two α-glucoside substrates. Direct proof of the second elimination step was provided by the observation of a small primary KIE on C-2 by using a substrate for which the elimination step is rate-limiting, 5-fluoro-α-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride.
Catalytic Residues
Three-dimensional structures
Family Firsts
- First sterochemistry determination
- Cite some reference here, with a short explanation [1].
- First catalytic nucleophile identification
- First general acid/base residue identification
- First 3-D structure