Glycoside Hydrolase Family 109

The text below is a template to help you create a consistent layout for GH entries. To get an idea of what to put in each field, save this edit and have a look at any of the GH families by following this link: Category:Glycoside Hydrolase Families (TIP: Right click with your mouse and open the link in a new browser window...)

Make sure to delete this text and the four dashes (line) below when you are done with your page!

Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH109
Clan	GH-x
Mechanism	retaining
Active site residues	known
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/fam/GH109.html

Substrate specificities

The only activity so far identified in this recently discovered family is that of a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase although the lack of activity on GalNAc substrates of several family members suggests that other substrates might exist. The most characterized member of this family is the enzyme from Elizabethkingia meningosepticum. Because it operates at neutral pH optimum, this enzyme was used succesfully for the removal of the A antigen on red blood cells thus opening the possibility of blood group conversion to universal group O [1]. The enzyme clearly prefers GalNAc over Gal as the aglycon as indicated by a 2,000-fold reduction in kcat for the hydrolysis of pNP-a-Gal compared with pNP-a-GalNAc and by a more than tenfold increase in Km [1].

Kinetics and Mechanism

Family GH109 enzymes operate via the unusual catalytic mechanism involving NAD+ seen so far only in family GH4 (link to GH4 page) despite different overall folds (see below). NMR monitoring of the reaction catalyzed by a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase indicated that the enzyme proceeds with a mechanism that leads to retention of the anomeric configuration and concomitant exchange of the GalNAc H-2 atom for a solvent proton [1]. This, and the indispensable presence of NAD+, indicate that GH109 enzymes most likely operate by a similar mechanism. In this mechanism, the NAD+ molecule oxidizes the substrate at C-3, thereby acidifying the proton at C-2 and producing NADH. Deprotonation of C-2 by an enzymatic base with concomitant elimination of the glycosidic oxygen generates a 1,2-unsaturated intermediate. The reaction is completed by addition of water to the Michael-like acceptor and reduction of the resulting ketone by the NADH molecule, which returns to the initial NAD+ state, ready for another catalytic cycle. The mechanism of GH109 enzymes allows cleavage of thioglycosides and of glycosides of the opposite anomeric configuration (both at a comparatively slow rate), two features that are extremely rare among ‘classical’ glycosidases [1].

Catalytic Residues

A stated above the enzymes of this family do not use a classical acid/base catalysis, but instead use a rare catalytic mechanism involving NAD+, highly similar to that seen in family GH4. The catalytic machinery therefore comprises NAD+ and Tyr-179, which abstracts H-2 to form the unsaturated intermediate (link to Withers & Vocadlo’s mechanism pages). Differences exist, however, such as the absence in GH109 of an identifiable acid to assit glycosidic bond cleavage. It is believed that this is the cause of the hydrolysis of the ‘wrong’ anomer.

Three-dimensional structures

The three-dimensional structure of Elizabethkingia meningosepticum a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase has been reported in 2007 [1]. The closest structural relatives belong to the Gfo/Idh/MocA oxidoreductase family (Z-score of 29.4 and r.m.s. deviation of 3.0 A for 329 equivalent Ca-atoms for Zymomonas mobilis glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (PDB 1OFG). More distant structural homologs are identified by means of the classical Rossmann fold. The structural similarity includes the active-site architecture, where the spatial arrangement of NAD+ and several other residues is conserved, suggesting a common ancestor that has evolved its NAD+-based molecular mechanism to adapt to diverse metabolic requirements [1].

Family Firsts

First sterochemistry determination: Elizabethkingia meningosepticum a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase by NMR [1].
First mechanismtic identification: Elizabethkingia meningosepticum a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, by deuterium exchange of H-2 and structural similarity with GH4 enzymes
First 3-D structure: Elizabethkingia meningosepticum a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase [1] PDB: 2IXA and 2IXB

References

Comfort DA, Bobrov KS, Ivanen DR, Shabalin KA, Harris JM, Kulminskaya AA, Brumer H, and Kelly RM. (2007). Biochemical analysis of Thermotoga maritima GH36 alpha-galactosidase (TmGalA) confirms the mechanistic commonality of clan GH-D glycoside hydrolases. Biochemistry. 2007;46(11):3319-30. DOI:10.1021/bi061521n | PubMed ID:17323919 [1]

[[Category:Glycoside Hydrolase Families]]