Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 13

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• Author: Lauren McKee and Scott Mazurkewich
• Responsible Curator: Lauren McKee

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CAZy DB link

https://www.cazy.org/CBM13.html

Ligand specificities

The first identified CBM13 domains were in plant lectins like the ricin toxin and agglutinin, and were found to bind galactose residues [1]. The domains were later found to be common within many CAZymes, especially glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases. Binding to galactose, lactose, and agar is common in the family [2], and binding to galacto-oligosaccharides of various different linkages has been observed [3, 4]. Some structural studies have shown the CBM13 binding sites can accommodate either the non-reducing end galactose or the reducing end glucose in lactose, showing remarkable plasticity in binding preference [5].

There are also many examples of xylan-binding CBM13 domains [6, 7]. Here, there is evidence of mid-chain binding to longer oligosaccharides, and that xylopentaose can bind to two binding sites simultaneously, wrapping about the CBM13 domains to do so [5]. Multiple binding sites are often functional within CBM13 domains, with the α site seemingly being the strongest [8, 9]. Avid binding has been demonstrated for laminarin, by a CBM13 domain found in a β-1,3-glucanase [10]. More recently, binding to alginate has also been demonstrated [11] and a CBM13 domain was identified in a cycloisomaltotetraose enzyme [12].

Structural Features

Figure 1. Structure of the CBM13 domain in the multidomain protein Xyn10A from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86. a) The overall structure with the subdomains distinctly coloured and its ligand binding tyrosine and aspartate residues of each subdomain shown as sticks (PDB accession 1XYF). b) The binding site found in the α-subdomain of the CBM13 domain in complex with 2³-4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronosyl-xylotriose (MeGlcUA-X3, PDB accession 1V6X). c) Overlay of the subdomains showing sequence conservation within the binding sites. Single letter residue codes are coloured based on the subdomains shown in panel a) and are labelled for subdomains ⍺/β/γ, in that order.

CBM13 proteins are type B or type C CBMs, comprising 3 internal subdomains (α, β, and γ), each approximately 40 residues in length, which fold in similar ways around a pseudo-3-fold axis, giving rise to a β-trefoil tertiary structure (Figure 1), as is also common for plant lectins. The ligand binding site in each subdomain is found in a surface exposed pocket, where binding is principally facilitated by tyrosine and aspartate residues found conserved within each subdomain. The binding sites are designated as α, β, and γ, referring to the subdomain from which they are found. The same naming system has been used for the other multivalent β-trefoil members families CBM42 and CBM92, which share the same modular structure as CBM13 domains.

Functionalities

Carbohydrate Binding Module family 13 has a rich history. The earliest known examples were biochemically characterised prior to their annotation as CBM13 domains. These were shown to be xylan binders increasing substrate affinity of industrial xylan-degrading enzymes [13], yet they often proved to be non-essential in xylan hydrolysing [14] and wood pulp bleaching applications [15, 16].

Bioinformatic analysis has revealed a strong cooccurrence of CBM13 and GH43 modules, with subfamily GH43_7 enzymes apparently all containing a CBM13 domain [17]. In that enzyme subfamily, the α-L-arabinofuranosidase AbfB from Streptomyces lividans carries a xylan-binding CBM13 domain [18], as does an endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Bacteroides intestinalis [19]. CBM13 domains are also abundant in β-agarases, found in enzyme families GH16, GH39, GH50, GH86, and GH118 [20].

Diverse other examples have shown that a CBM13 domain binding to the substrate of an appended glycoside hydrolase module does lead to activity potentiation through enhanced substrate proximity effects, such as in a GH16 agarase from Gilvimarinus agarilyticus JEA5 [21] and a GH5_35 xylanase from Paenibacillus sp. H2C [7]. The enzyme endo-β-agarase I from Microbulbifer thermotolerans JAMB-A94 was engineered by fusing the GH16 catalytic module to a CBM13 domain derived from the agarolytic marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans [22], leading to a substantial increase in agar binding and hydrolysis in the fusion enzyme [23].

Reaction product structure can sometimes be affected by the action of a CBM domain. In the case of the PelQ1 pectate lyase from Saccharobesus litoralis, inclusion of the native CBM13 domain in the recombinant protein promoted the formation of a dimer from polygalacturonate, whereas the enzyme without CBM produced a mixture of oligosaccharides dominated by an unsaturated trimer [11]. The CBM13 domain from an Agarivorans sp. L11 alginate lyase apparently improves both the catalytic efficiency and heat tolerance of the enzyme, as well as increasing the proportion of disaccharides in the final reaction product mix [24]. It is proposed that a CBM13 also contributes to controlling product length in cycloisomaltotetraose-forming CI4Tase enzymes [12].

Family Firsts

First Identified

The first reported characterization of a protein containing a CBM13 domain was xylanase A from Streptomyces lividans (SlXynA) [25]. At that time, the CBM had not been distinguished from the xylanase domain within the gene product. Subsequent gene sequencing and sequence alignment studies demonstrated that the domain was distinct from other CBM families [26] and was later categorised as CBM family 13 [27].

First Structural Characterization

The structure of the first CBM13 member, defined as a carbohydrate active enzyme encoded with the CBM domain, was Xyn10A from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86 (SoXynA; [28]; PDB: 1XYF). The first structures of a CBM13 in complex with ligands were reported with SoXyn10A [29] followed very soon after by complex structures with Xyn10A from Streptomyces lividans (SlXyn10A; [5]).

References

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1. Fujimoto Z (2013). Structure and function of carbohydrate-binding module families 13 and 42 of glycoside hydrolases, comprising a β-trefoil fold. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013;77(7):1363-71. DOI:10.1271/bbb.130183 |
4. Jiang D, Fan J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Huang B, Liu J, and Zhang XC. (2012). Crystal structure of 1,3Gal43A, an exo-β-1,3-galactanase from Clostridium thermocellum. J Struct Biol. 2012;180(3):447-57. DOI:10.1016/j.jsb.2012.08.005 |
14. Black GW, Hazlewood GP, Millward-Sadler SJ, Laurie JI, and Gilbert HJ. (1995). A modular xylanase containing a novel non-catalytic xylan-specific binding domain. Biochem J. 1995;307 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):191-5. DOI:10.1042/bj3070191 |
17. Mewis K, Lenfant N, Lombard V, and Henrissat B. (2016). Dividing the Large Glycoside Hydrolase Family 43 into Subfamilies: a Motivation for Detailed Enzyme Characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016;82(6):1686-1692. DOI:10.1128/AEM.03453-15 |
24. Li S, Yang X, Bao M, Wu Y, Yu W, and Han F. (2015). Family 13 carbohydrate-binding module of alginate lyase from Agarivorans sp. L11 enhances its catalytic efficiency and thermostability, and alters its substrate preference and product distribution. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2015;362(10). DOI:10.1093/femsle/fnv054 |
27. Tomme P, Boraston A, McLean B, Kormos J, Creagh AL, Sturch K, Gilkes NR, Haynes CA, Warren RA, and Kilburn DG. (1998). Characterization and affinity applications of cellulose-binding domains. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998;715(1):283-96. DOI:10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00053-x |