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Difference between revisions of "Surface Binding Site"

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* Authors: ^^^Birte Svensson^^^ and ^^^Darrell Cockburn^^^
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* Authors: [[User:Birte Svensson|Birte Svensson]] and [[User:Darrell Cockburn|Darrell Cockburn]]
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* Responsible Curators: ^^^Birte Svensson^^^ and ^^^Spencer Williams^^^
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* Responsible Curators: [[User:Birte Svensson|Birte Svensson]] and [[User:Spencer Williams|Spencer Williams]]
 
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== Main section 1 ==
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== Surface Binding Sites ==
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Content is to be added here.
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[[Image:AMY1_SBS.png||thumb|right|500px|'''Figure 1. The barley α-amylase 1 in complex with maltoheptaose PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}1rp8 1rp8]''' <cite>Robert2005</cite>. Several of the key SBS residues are shown highlighted in yellow, while the maltoheptaose molecules are shown in orange. Note the relatively large distance from the active site, which is a common aspect of these sites.]]
  
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In the meantime, please see these references for an essential introduction to the CAZy classification system <cite>DaviesSinnott2008 Cantarel2009</cite> and Surface Binding Sites <cite>Cuyvers2012 Cockburn2014</cite>.
+
A surface (or secondary) binding site (SBS) is a ligand binding site observed on the catalytic module of an enzyme, but outside of the active site itself (see Figure 1). For recent reviews on this topic, please see <cite>Cockburn2013 Cockburn2014 Cuyvers2012</cite>.
  
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=== Subsection 1 ===
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=== Detection and Occurrence ===
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''If desired''
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SBSs have been observed in the crystal structures of approximately 50 carbohydrate active enzymes, with about half of these enzymes belonging to the family [[GH13]] (Table 1). Typically the enzymes found to possess one or more SBSs are active on polysaccharides, suggesting that SBSs are adaptations for dealing with longer substrates. X-ray crystallography has been the main method of detecting SBSs; however, NMR spectroscopy <cite>Ludwiczek2007</cite> and chemical labeling <cite>Gibson1987</cite> have also been used in the detection of these sites. Examination of the SBS containing enzymes show that they frequently co-occur with [[carbohydrate-binding modules]] (CBMs), suggesting that these two methods of binding to a substrate are  complementary rather than redundant <cite>Cockburn2013</cite>. In one example, the α-amylase SusG from ''Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron'', both a CBM and an SBS were found to contribute to binding to starch granules <cite>Koropatkin2010</cite>.
  
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=== Subsection 2 ===
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=== Roles of SBSs in Enzyme Function ===
−
''If desired''
+
Detailed analyses of SBSs have only been carried out in a few cases; however, in each of these cases they have been found to be important for the function of the enzyme. Various proven and speculated roles have been recently reviewed <cite>Cockburn2013 Cockburn2014 Cuyvers2012</cite>. In general the proposed roles of SBSs include: i) serving as an extension of the active site, guiding a substrate strand to the active site or maintaining binding to a polysaccharide strand to allow processivity, ii) acting as an allosteric regulator, with binding at the SBS affecting the properties of the active site, iii) serving as a pseudo-CBM, by targeting the enzyme to the substrate, anchoring the enzyme to the cell wall or disrupting the substrate (see the [[carbohydrate-binding modules]] page for more details on their functional roles). As an illustrative example, the two SBSs of the barley α-amylase  1 (named SBS1 and SBS2) <cite>Robert2005</cite> seem to fall into categories i) and iii). SBS1 is particularly important for the binding of the enzyme to starch granules <cite>Nielsen2009</cite>, while SBS2 is more important for the activity of the enzyme on amylopectin, lowering the apparent <i>K</i><sub>M</sub> for this substrate <cite>Nielsen2012</cite>. A good example of ii) is seen in the amylomaltase from ''Thermus aquaticus'', where binding to the SBS changes the active site, thereby altering the substrate profile of the enzyme <cite>Fugii2007</cite>.
  
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====Sub-subsection====
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=== Studying SBSs ===
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''If desired, etc.''
+
The study of SBSs is often complicated by the presence of multiple SBSs in a given catalytic module, substrate binding in the active site, or the presence of a CBM. Various techniques have been used to dissect contributions to SBSs such as the use of mutations, and substrates that do not bind at the active site <cite>Nielsen2009</cite> or the use of covalent inhibitors to block the active site <cite>Ludwiczek2007 Cuyvers2012b</cite>. A variety of techniques have proven useful for studying SBSs, including surface plasmon resonance, isothermal titration calorimetry, affinity electrophoresis and adsorption assays (the use of these techniques and others is summarized in <cite>Cockburn2013</cite>).  
  
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== Main section 2 ==
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{| {{Prettytable}} width="400" 
−
Whatevs...
+
|-
 +
|{{Hl2}} colspan="4" align="center"|'''Table 1: Glycoside hydrolase enzyme families for which an enzyme with an SBS has been identified.'''
 +
|-
 +
|'''Family'''   
 +
|'''# of Enzymes as of 2015-02-17'''
 +
|'''Example Structure'''
 +
|'''Reference(s)'''
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH1]]||2||[{{PDBlink}}1uyq 1uyq]||Unpublished
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH5]]||2||[{{PDBlink}}2pc8 2pc8]||<cite>Patrick2010</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH8]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}2b4f 2b4f]||<cite>DeVos2006</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH10]]||2||[{{PDBlink}}1goq 1goq]||<cite>LoLeggio2001 Schmidt1999</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH11]]||3||[{{PDBlink}}2qz3 2qz3]||<cite>Vandermarliere2008 Ludwiczek2007</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH13]]||24||[{{PDBlink}}1rp8 1rp8]||<cite>Robert2005 Cockburn2013 Cockburn2014</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH14]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}1b9z 1b9z]||<cite>Mikami1999</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH15]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}2f6d 2f6d]||<cite>Sevcik2006</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH16]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}1urx 1urx]||<cite>Allouch2004</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH19]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}3cql 3cql]||<cite>Huet2008</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH27]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}3hg2 3hg2]||<cite>Guce2010</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH31]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}3nqq 3nqq]||Unpublished
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH34]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}1mwe 1mwe]||<cite>Varghese1997</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH55]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}4pf0 4pf0]||<cite>Bianchetti2015</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH57]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}3n98 3n98]||<cite>Santos2010</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH63]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}3c67 3c67]||<cite>Kurakata2008</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH77]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}1esw 1esw]||<cite>Przylas2000</cite>
 +
|-
 +
|[[GH120]]||1||[{{PDBlink}}3vsv 3vsv]||<cite>Huang2012</cite>
 +
|}
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
<biblio>
 
<biblio>
−
#Cantarel2009 pmid=18838391
 
−
#DaviesSinnott2008 Davies, G.J. and Sinnott, M.L. (2008) Sorting the diverse: the sequence-based classifications of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biochem. J. (BJ Classic Paper, online only). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20080382 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20080382]
 
 
#Cockburn2014 Cockburn, D., Wilkens, C., Ruzanski, C., Andersen, S., Willum Nielsen, J., Smith, A.M., Field, R.A., Willemoës, M., Abou Hachem, M., and Svensson B. (2014) Analysis of surface binding sites (SBSs) in carbohydrate active enzymes with focus on glycoside hydrolase families 13 and 77 — a mini-review.  Biologia, 69, 705-712. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-014-0373-9 DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0373-9]
 
#Cockburn2014 Cockburn, D., Wilkens, C., Ruzanski, C., Andersen, S., Willum Nielsen, J., Smith, A.M., Field, R.A., Willemoës, M., Abou Hachem, M., and Svensson B. (2014) Analysis of surface binding sites (SBSs) in carbohydrate active enzymes with focus on glycoside hydrolase families 13 and 77 — a mini-review.  Biologia, 69, 705-712. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-014-0373-9 DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0373-9]
 +
#Ludwiczek2007 pmid=17822716
 +
#Gibson1987 Gibson, RM, and Svensson, B''. Identification of tryptophanyl residues involved in binding of carbohydrate ligands to barley α-amylase 2''. Carlsberg Res Commun. 1987. 52: 373-379.
 +
#Cockburn2013 Cockburn, D. and Svensson, B. ''Surface binding sites in carbohydrate active enzymes: an emerging picture of structural and functional diversity''. 2013. In: Lindhorst TK, Rauter AP (eds) SPR carbohydrate chemistry—chemical and biological approaches, vol 39. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849737173-00204 DOI: 10.1039/9781849737173-00204]
 +
#Koropatkin2010 pmid=20159465
 +
#Robert2005 pmid=16030022
 
#Cuyvers2012 pmid=21711082
 
#Cuyvers2012 pmid=21711082
 +
#Nielsen2009 pmid=19606835
 +
#Nielsen2012 pmid=22902860
 +
#Fugii2007 pmid=17368400
 +
#Cuyvers2012b pmid=21964501
 +
#Patrick2010 pmid=20875088
 +
#DeVos2006 pmid=16605248
 +
#LoLeggio2001 pmid=11741607
 +
#Schmidt1999 pmid=10029534
 +
#Vandermarliere2008 pmid=17983355
 +
#Mikami1999 pmid=10353816
 +
#Sevcik2006 pmid=16649993
 +
#Allouch2004 pmid=15062085
 +
#Huet2008 pmid=18636748
 +
#Guce2010 pmid=19940122
 +
#Varghese1997 pmid=9342319
 +
#Bianchetti2015 pmid=25752603
 +
#Santos2010 pmid=21104698
 +
#Kurakata2008 pmid=18586271
 +
#Przylas2000 pmid=11082203
 +
#Huang2012 pmid=22992047
 
</biblio>
 
</biblio>
  
 
[[Category:Definitions and explanations]]
 
[[Category:Definitions and explanations]]

Latest revision as of 13:17, 18 December 2021

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Surface Binding Sites

Figure 1. The barley α-amylase 1 in complex with maltoheptaose PDB ID 1rp8 [1]. Several of the key SBS residues are shown highlighted in yellow, while the maltoheptaose molecules are shown in orange. Note the relatively large distance from the active site, which is a common aspect of these sites.

A surface (or secondary) binding site (SBS) is a ligand binding site observed on the catalytic module of an enzyme, but outside of the active site itself (see Figure 1). For recent reviews on this topic, please see [2, 3, 4].

Detection and Occurrence

SBSs have been observed in the crystal structures of approximately 50 carbohydrate active enzymes, with about half of these enzymes belonging to the family GH13 (Table 1). Typically the enzymes found to possess one or more SBSs are active on polysaccharides, suggesting that SBSs are adaptations for dealing with longer substrates. X-ray crystallography has been the main method of detecting SBSs; however, NMR spectroscopy [5] and chemical labeling [6] have also been used in the detection of these sites. Examination of the SBS containing enzymes show that they frequently co-occur with carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), suggesting that these two methods of binding to a substrate are complementary rather than redundant [2]. In one example, the α-amylase SusG from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, both a CBM and an SBS were found to contribute to binding to starch granules [7].

Roles of SBSs in Enzyme Function

Detailed analyses of SBSs have only been carried out in a few cases; however, in each of these cases they have been found to be important for the function of the enzyme. Various proven and speculated roles have been recently reviewed [2, 3, 4]. In general the proposed roles of SBSs include: i) serving as an extension of the active site, guiding a substrate strand to the active site or maintaining binding to a polysaccharide strand to allow processivity, ii) acting as an allosteric regulator, with binding at the SBS affecting the properties of the active site, iii) serving as a pseudo-CBM, by targeting the enzyme to the substrate, anchoring the enzyme to the cell wall or disrupting the substrate (see the carbohydrate-binding modules page for more details on their functional roles). As an illustrative example, the two SBSs of the barley α-amylase 1 (named SBS1 and SBS2) [1] seem to fall into categories i) and iii). SBS1 is particularly important for the binding of the enzyme to starch granules [8], while SBS2 is more important for the activity of the enzyme on amylopectin, lowering the apparent KM for this substrate [9]. A good example of ii) is seen in the amylomaltase from Thermus aquaticus, where binding to the SBS changes the active site, thereby altering the substrate profile of the enzyme [10].

Studying SBSs

The study of SBSs is often complicated by the presence of multiple SBSs in a given catalytic module, substrate binding in the active site, or the presence of a CBM. Various techniques have been used to dissect contributions to SBSs such as the use of mutations, and substrates that do not bind at the active site [8] or the use of covalent inhibitors to block the active site [5, 11]. A variety of techniques have proven useful for studying SBSs, including surface plasmon resonance, isothermal titration calorimetry, affinity electrophoresis and adsorption assays (the use of these techniques and others is summarized in [2]).

Table 1: Glycoside hydrolase enzyme families for which an enzyme with an SBS has been identified.
Family # of Enzymes as of 2015-02-17 Example Structure Reference(s)
GH1 2 1uyq Unpublished
GH5 2 2pc8 [12]
GH8 1 2b4f [13]
GH10 2 1goq [14, 15]
GH11 3 2qz3 [5, 16]
GH13 24 1rp8 [1, 2, 3]
GH14 1 1b9z [17]
GH15 1 2f6d [18]
GH16 1 1urx [19]
GH19 1 3cql [20]
GH27 1 3hg2 [21]
GH31 1 3nqq Unpublished
GH34 1 1mwe [22]
GH55 1 4pf0 [23]
GH57 1 3n98 [24]
GH63 1 3c67 [25]
GH77 1 1esw [26]
GH120 1 3vsv [27]

References

  1. Robert X, Haser R, Mori H, Svensson B, and Aghajari N. (2005). Oligosaccharide binding to barley alpha-amylase 1. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(38):32968-78. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M505515200 | PubMed ID:16030022 [Robert2005]

  2. Cockburn, D. and Svensson, B. Surface binding sites in carbohydrate active enzymes: an emerging picture of structural and functional diversity. 2013. In: Lindhorst TK, Rauter AP (eds) SPR carbohydrate chemistry—chemical and biological approaches, vol 39. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. DOI: 10.1039/9781849737173-00204

    [Cockburn2013]

  3. Cockburn, D., Wilkens, C., Ruzanski, C., Andersen, S., Willum Nielsen, J., Smith, A.M., Field, R.A., Willemoës, M., Abou Hachem, M., and Svensson B. (2014) Analysis of surface binding sites (SBSs) in carbohydrate active enzymes with focus on glycoside hydrolase families 13 and 77 — a mini-review. Biologia, 69, 705-712. DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0373-9

    [Cockburn2014]
  4. Cuyvers S, Dornez E, Delcour JA, and Courtin CM. (2012). Occurrence and functional significance of secondary carbohydrate binding sites in glycoside hydrolases. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2012;32(2):93-107. DOI:10.3109/07388551.2011.561537 | PubMed ID:21711082 [Cuyvers2012]
  5. Ludwiczek ML, Heller M, Kantner T, and McIntosh LP. (2007). A secondary xylan-binding site enhances the catalytic activity of a single-domain family 11 glycoside hydrolase. J Mol Biol. 2007;373(2):337-54. DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.07.057 | PubMed ID:17822716 [Ludwiczek2007]

  6. Gibson, RM, and Svensson, B. Identification of tryptophanyl residues involved in binding of carbohydrate ligands to barley α-amylase 2. Carlsberg Res Commun. 1987. 52: 373-379.

    [Gibson1987]
  7. Koropatkin NM and Smith TJ. (2010). SusG: a unique cell-membrane-associated alpha-amylase from a prominent human gut symbiont targets complex starch molecules. Structure. 2010;18(2):200-15. DOI:10.1016/j.str.2009.12.010 | PubMed ID:20159465 [Koropatkin2010]
  8. Nielsen MM, Bozonnet S, Seo ES, Mótyán JA, Andersen JM, Dilokpimol A, Abou Hachem M, Gyémánt G, Naested H, Kandra L, Sigurskjold BW, and Svensson B. (2009). Two secondary carbohydrate binding sites on the surface of barley alpha-amylase 1 have distinct functions and display synergy in hydrolysis of starch granules. Biochemistry. 2009;48(32):7686-97. DOI:10.1021/bi900795a | PubMed ID:19606835 [Nielsen2009]
  9. Nielsen JW, Kramhøft B, Bozonnet S, Abou Hachem M, Stipp SL, Svensson B, and Willemoës M. (2012). Degradation of the starch components amylopectin and amylose by barley α-amylase 1: role of surface binding site 2. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012;528(1):1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2012.08.005 | PubMed ID:22902860 [Nielsen2012]
  10. Fujii K, Minagawa H, Terada Y, Takaha T, Kuriki T, Shimada J, and Kaneko H. (2007). Function of second glucan binding site including tyrosines 54 and 101 in Thermus aquaticus amylomaltase. J Biosci Bioeng. 2007;103(2):167-73. DOI:10.1263/jbb.103.167 | PubMed ID:17368400 [Fugii2007]
  11. Cuyvers S, Dornez E, Abou Hachem M, Svensson B, Hothorn M, Chory J, Delcour JA, and Courtin CM. (2012). Isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance allow quantifying substrate binding to different binding sites of Bacillus subtilis xylanase. Anal Biochem. 2012;420(1):90-2. DOI:10.1016/j.ab.2011.09.005 | PubMed ID:21964501 [Cuyvers2012b]
  12. Patrick WM, Nakatani Y, Cutfield SM, Sharpe ML, Ramsay RJ, and Cutfield JF. (2010). Carbohydrate binding sites in Candida albicans exo-β-1,3-glucanase and the role of the Phe-Phe 'clamp' at the active site entrance. FEBS J. 2010;277(21):4549-61. DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07869.x | PubMed ID:20875088 [Patrick2010]
  13. De Vos D, Collins T, Nerinckx W, Savvides SN, Claeyssens M, Gerday C, Feller G, and Van Beeumen J. (2006). Oligosaccharide binding in family 8 glycosidases: crystal structures of active-site mutants of the beta-1,4-xylanase pXyl from Pseudoaltermonas haloplanktis TAH3a in complex with substrate and product. Biochemistry. 2006;45(15):4797-807. DOI:10.1021/bi052193e | PubMed ID:16605248 [DeVos2006]
  14. Lo Leggio L, Kalogiannis S, Eckert K, Teixeira SC, Bhat MK, Andrei C, Pickersgill RW, and Larsen S. (2001). Substrate specificity and subsite mobility in T. aurantiacus xylanase 10A. FEBS Lett. 2001;509(2):303-8. DOI:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03177-5 | PubMed ID:11741607 [LoLeggio2001]
  15. Schmidt A, Gübitz GM, and Kratky C. (1999). Xylan binding subsite mapping in the xylanase from Penicillium simplicissimum using xylooligosaccharides as cryo-protectant. Biochemistry. 1999;38(8):2403-12. DOI:10.1021/bi982108l | PubMed ID:10029534 [Schmidt1999]
  16. Vandermarliere E, Bourgois TM, Rombouts S, Van Campenhout S, Volckaert G, Strelkov SV, Delcour JA, Rabijns A, and Courtin CM. (2008). Crystallographic analysis shows substrate binding at the -3 to +1 active-site subsites and at the surface of glycoside hydrolase family 11 endo-1,4-beta-xylanases. Biochem J. 2008;410(1):71-9. DOI:10.1042/BJ20071128 | PubMed ID:17983355 [Vandermarliere2008]
  17. Mikami B, Adachi M, Kage T, Sarikaya E, Nanmori T, Shinke R, and Utsumi S. (1999). Structure of raw starch-digesting Bacillus cereus beta-amylase complexed with maltose. Biochemistry. 1999;38(22):7050-61. DOI:10.1021/bi9829377 | PubMed ID:10353816 [Mikami1999]
  18. Sevcík J, Hostinová E, Solovicová A, Gasperík J, Dauter Z, and Wilson KS. (2006). Structure of the complex of a yeast glucoamylase with acarbose reveals the presence of a raw starch binding site on the catalytic domain. FEBS J. 2006;273(10):2161-71. DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05230.x | PubMed ID:16649993 [Sevcik2006]
  19. Allouch J, Helbert W, Henrissat B, and Czjzek M. (2004). Parallel substrate binding sites in a beta-agarase suggest a novel mode of action on double-helical agarose. Structure. 2004;12(4):623-32. DOI:10.1016/j.str.2004.02.020 | PubMed ID:15062085 [Allouch2004]
  20. Huet J, Rucktooa P, Clantin B, Azarkan M, Looze Y, Villeret V, and Wintjens R. (2008). X-ray structure of papaya chitinase reveals the substrate binding mode of glycosyl hydrolase family 19 chitinases. Biochemistry. 2008;47(32):8283-91. DOI:10.1021/bi800655u | PubMed ID:18636748 [Huet2008]
  21. Guce AI, Clark NE, Salgado EN, Ivanen DR, Kulminskaya AA, Brumer H 3rd, and Garman SC. (2010). Catalytic mechanism of human alpha-galactosidase. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(6):3625-3632. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M109.060145 | PubMed ID:19940122 [Guce2010]
  22. Varghese JN, Colman PM, van Donkelaar A, Blick TJ, Sahasrabudhe A, and McKimm-Breschkin JL. (1997). Structural evidence for a second sialic acid binding site in avian influenza virus neuraminidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(22):11808-12. DOI:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11808 | PubMed ID:9342319 [Varghese1997]
  23. Bianchetti CM, Takasuka TE, Deutsch S, Udell HS, Yik EJ, Bergeman LF, and Fox BG. (2015). Active site and laminarin binding in glycoside hydrolase family 55. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(19):11819-32. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M114.623579 | PubMed ID:25752603 [Bianchetti2015]
  24. Santos CR, Tonoli CC, Trindade DM, Betzel C, Takata H, Kuriki T, Kanai T, Imanaka T, Arni RK, and Murakami MT. (2011). Structural basis for branching-enzyme activity of glycoside hydrolase family 57: structure and stability studies of a novel branching enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. Proteins. 2011;79(2):547-57. DOI:10.1002/prot.22902 | PubMed ID:21104698 [Santos2010]
  25. Kurakata Y, Uechi A, Yoshida H, Kamitori S, Sakano Y, Nishikawa A, and Tonozuka T. (2008). Structural insights into the substrate specificity and function of Escherichia coli K12 YgjK, a glucosidase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 63. J Mol Biol. 2008;381(1):116-28. DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.061 | PubMed ID:18586271 [Kurakata2008]
  26. Przylas I, Terada Y, Fujii K, Takaha T, Saenger W, and Sträter N. (2000). X-ray structure of acarbose bound to amylomaltase from Thermus aquaticus. Implications for the synthesis of large cyclic glucans. Eur J Biochem. 2000;267(23):6903-13. DOI:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01790.x | PubMed ID:11082203 [Przylas2000]
  27. Huang CH, Sun Y, Ko TP, Chen CC, Zheng Y, Chan HC, Pang X, Wiegel J, Shao W, and Guo RT. (2012). The substrate/product-binding modes of a novel GH120 β-xylosidase (XylC) from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485. Biochem J. 2012;448(3):401-7. DOI:10.1042/BJ20121359 | PubMed ID:22992047 [Huang2012]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed

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